Performance Evaluation of a Self-Hosted Edge-IoT Data Pipeline for Hydroponic pH and EC Monitoring
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54074/jicsa.v2i1.34Keywords:
edge computing, hydroponics, Internet of Things, MQTT, pHAbstract
Many hydroponic Internet-of-Things prototypes display sensor
readings but provide limited evidence that each record remains
complete and traceable across the full local data path. This paper
evaluates a self-hosted edge-IoT pipeline in which an ESP32
publishes pH and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements
through Mosquitto MQTT to Telegraf, InfluxDB, and Grafana on a
Raspberry Pi 4. Four traceable datasets were used: 80 calibration
observations, 2,881 paired pH–EC records over approximately 48 h,
three 30-min high-rate storage trials, and 43 broker-to-dashboard
matched observations. The pH mean absolute percentage error
(MAPE) was 0.775% and 0.386% at pH 4.00 and 7.00; EC MAPE was
2.173% and 0.986% at 1,413 and 12,880 μS cm−1. The 48-h export
contained all 2,881 expected one-minute records. The high-rate trials
stored 1,018 of 1,020 expected records, corresponding to 99.80%
completeness. All 43 broker values were matched in Grafana. Their
absolute timestamp-difference proxy had a mean of 345.91 ms and a
95th percentile of 763.6 ms; it is not claimed as true end-to-end
latency because Grafana timestamps were exported at one-second
resolution. The resultsdemonstrate a compact and auditable local
monitoring pipeline while identifying the instrumentation still
requiredfor defensible delay and loss attributio.
References
Al-Fuqaha, A., M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, and M. Ayyash. 2015. “Internet of Things: A Survey
on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications.” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 17 (4): 2347
76. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2444095.
Chamara, N., M. D. Islam, G. Bai, Y. Shi, and Y. Ge. 2022. “Ag-IoT for Crop and Environment Monitoring:
Past, Present, and Future.” Agricultural Systems 203: 103497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103497.
Chatterjee, A., P. Ghosh, B. Winkler, et al. 2025. “Demystifying the Integration of Hydroponics Cultivation
System Reinforcing Bioeconomy and Sustainable Agricultural Growth.” Scientia Horticulturae 341: 113973.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2025.113973.
Farooq, M. S., S. Riaz, M. A. Helou, F. S. Khan, A. Abid, and A. Alvi. 2022. “Internet of Things in Greenhouse
Agriculture: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Protocols.” IEEE Access 10: 53374–97.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3166634.
Lukito, C., R. B. Lukito, and E. Ernawati. 2024. “Implementation of IoT Edge Computing for Control and
Monitoring System of Hydroponic Plant Water Quality Using Raspberry Pi.” International Journal of Computer
Science and Humanitarian Artificial Intelligence 1 (1): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.21512/ijcshaijournal.v1i1.12153.
Mehra, M., S. Saxena, S. Sankaranarayanan, R. Jackson Tom, and M. Veeramanikandan. 2018. “IoT-Based
Hydroponics System Using Deep Neural Networks.” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 155: 473–86.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.10.015.
OASIS Open. 2019. MQTT Version 5.0. OASIS Standard. Organization for the Advancement of Structured
Information Standards. https://docs.oasis-open.org/mqtt/mqtt/v5.0/os/mqtt-v5.0-os.html.
Reza, Md Nasim, Kyu-Ho Lee, Md Rejaul Karim, et al. 2025. “Trends of Soil and Solution Nutrient Sensing
for Open Field and Hydroponic Cultivation in Facilitated Smart Agriculture.” Sensors 25 (2): 453.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020453.
Shi, W., J. Cao, Q. Zhang, Y. Li, and L. Xu. 2016. “Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges.” IEEE Internet of
Things Journal 3 (5): 637–46. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2016.2579198.
Sneineh, A. Abu, and A. A. A. Shabaneh. 2023. “Design of a Smart Hydroponics Monitoring System Using an
ESP32
Microcontroller
and
the
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2023.102401.
Internet
of
Things.”
MethodsX
11:
102401.
Wan, S., K. Zhao, Z. Lu, J. Li, T. Lu, and H. Wang. 2022. “A Modularized IoT Monitoring System with Edge
Computing for Aquaponics.” Sensors 22 (23): 9260. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239260.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Josh Delon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
